Modeling of the variation of the electrical conductivity of the leachate of cocoa with different fermentation index
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.29019/enfoqueute.v11n3.609Keywords:
CCN 51, electrical properties, fermentation index, ICS 6, modelingAbstract
This study linked the fermentation index of two varieties of cocoa beans: CCN 51 and ICS 6 with electrical conductivity (EC) of the water where they were immersed using a laboratory conductimeter. Mixtures of 11 fermented cocoa beans and unfermented were performed in order to obtain fermentation index from 0% (unfermented beans) to that reached by the fermented cocoa beans. Immersion times tested for determination of the electrical conductivity were 90 and 180 minutes. The results of electrical conductivity for CCN 51 and ICS 6 were 56.1 ± 12.0 to 1375.0 ± 28.0 mS/cm and 150.0 ± 19.9 to 1199.3 ± 44.5 mS/cm, respectively. Subsequent conductivity values did not represent significant increases over time. The relationship between the fermentation index and electrical conductivity for CCN 51 showed positive trend, achieving a R2 = 63.1%. The following function by regression: EC (CCN-51) = 1196 + 10.83 * (FI) – 0.06 *(FI)2 got a model with significant adjustment to be used to determine its fermentation index.
Downloads
References
Afoakwa, E., Quao, J., Takrama, J., Simpson, A., Kwesi, F. (2011). Effect of pulp preconditioning on acidification, proteolysis, sugars and free fatty acids concentration during fermentation of cocoa (Theobroma cacao) beans. International Journal of Food Sciences and Nutrition, 62(7), 755-764.
Afoakwa, E., Quao, J., Takrama, J., Simpson, A., Kwesi, F. (2013). Chemical composition and physical quality characteristics of Ghanaian cocoa beans as affected by pulp pre-conditioning and fermentation. Journal of Food and Science Technology, 50(6), 1097-1105.
Álvarez, C., Pérez, E., Lares, M.C. (2007). Caracterización Física y Química de las Almendras de Cacao Fermentadas, Secas y Tostadas Cultivadas en la Región de Cuyagua, Estado de Aragua. Agronomía Tropical, 57(4), 249-256.
AOAC. (2016). Official Methods of Analysis of AOAC International. Method 931.04, 970.22, 920.75a, 972.15, 930.20a, 962.09e. 20th Edition, Volumen II. William Horwitz and George W. Latimer, Jr. (Eds.) Maryland, USA.
APPCACAO. (2012). Manual de control de calidad del cacao. Primera edición. Perú.
Araujo, QR., Cinira, AE., Fernandes, CA., Ribeiro, DO., Efraim, P., Steinmacher, D., Lieberei, R., Bastide, P., Araujo, TG. (2014). Cocoa Quality Index - A proposal. Food Control, 46, 49-54.
Aremu, CY., Agiang, MA., Ayatse, JO. (1995). Nutrient and antinutrient profiles of raw and fermented cocoa beans. Plant Foods Human Nutrition, 48, 221–223.
Camu, N., De Winter, T., Addo, SK., Takrama, JS., Bernaert, H., De Vuyst, L. (2008). Fermentation of cocoa beans: influence of microbial activities and polyphenol concentrations on the flavour of chocolate. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, 88, 2288-2297.
Caligiani, A., Palla, L., Acquotti, D., Marseglia, A., Palla, G. (2014). Application of H NMR for the characterisation of cocoa beans of different geographical origins and fermentation levels. Food Chemistry, 157, 94-99.
Caligiani, A., Marseglia, A., Prandi, B., Palla, G., Sforza, S. (2016). Influence of fermentation level and geographical origin on cocoa bean oligopeptide pattern. Food Chemistry, 211, 431-439.
Cepero, O., Camacho, C., Castillo, JC., Salado, J. (2005). Conductividad eléctrica y california mastitis test en la detección de la mastitis subclinicas. Revista Electrónica de Veterinaria REDVET, VI, 3.
Colosimo, J., Galetti, V. (2012). Evaluación de la conductividad eléctrica y otros parámetros fisicoquímicos en mieles monoflorales de lotus y eucalipto. Memorias de la 5ta Jornada de Eficiencia y Tecnología al, 1-6.
Chire, GC., Verona, P., Guzman, J. (2016). Cambios en el color durante el beneficio del grano de cacao (Theobroma cacao L.) peruano procedente de Piura. Ciencia e Investigación 19(1):29-34.
Del Boca, C. (1962). Cocoa beans: quality requirements and methods of assessment. Rev Int Chocolaterie, 17, 218–221.
De Vuyst, L., Weckx, S. (2016). The cocoa bean fermentation process: from ecosystem analysis to starter culture development. Journal of Applied Microbiology, 121, 5 - 17.
García, LF. (2012). Catálogo de Cultivares de Cacao del Perú. Ministerio de Agricultura. 1era Re-impresión.
Gutiérrez, M. (2009). Guía de gestión de la calidad en centro de acopio, secado y fermentación de cacao. Dirección de Promoción y Competitividad. Ministerio de Agricultura, Perú.
Hansen, CE., Del Olmo, M., Burri, C. (1998). Enzyme activities in cocoa beans during fermentation. J. Sci. Food Agric., 77, 273-281.
Hue, C., Gunata, Z., Bergounhou, A., Assemat, S., Boulanger, R., Sauvage, FX., Davrieux, F. (2014). Near infrared spectroscopy as a new tool to determine cocoa fermentation levels through ammonia nitrogen quantification. Food Chemistry, 148, 240-245.
Ilangantileke, SG., Wahyudi, T., Bailon, MG. (1991). Assessment methodology to predict quality of cocoa beans for export. Journal of Food Quality, 14(6), 481–496.
INACAL (2016). NTP – ISO 1114. Granos de cacao. Prueba de corte. 4ta Edición. Lima, Perú. p.1-2.
Lamsal, BP., Jindal, VK. (2014). Variation in electrical conductivity of selected fruit juices during continiuos ohmic heating. International Journal of Applied Science and Technology, 7(1), 47-56.
León-Roque, N., Abderrahim, M., Nuñez-Alejos, L., Arribas, SM., Condezo-Hoyos, L. (2016). Prediction of fermentation index of cocoa beans (Theobroma cacao L.) based on color measurement and artificial neural networks. Talanta, 161, 31-39.
Misnawi., Jinap, S., Jamilah, B., Nazamid, S. (2003). Effects of incubation and polyphenol oxidase enrichment in color, fermentation index, procyanidins and astringency of unfermented and partly fermented cocoa beans. International Journal of Food Science and Technology, 38, 285-295.
Oblitas, FA., Barrantes, FA., Amorós, C. (2004). Valores de referencia de conductividad eléctrica y su relación con la concentración de cloruros en leches normales de bovinos de la campiña Cajamarca. Revista Caxamarca, 12(1), 87-92.
Perea, A., Martínez, N., Aranzazu, F., Cadena, T. (2013). Características de calidad del cacao de Colombia – Catalogo de 26 cultivares. Universidad Nacional de Santander, Federación Nacional de Cacaoteros. Bucaramanga.
Rivera, R., Mecías, F., Guzmán, A., Peña, M., Medina, H., Casanova, L., Barrera, A., Nivela, P. (2012). Efecto del tipo y tiempo de fermentación en la calidad física y química del cacao (Theobroma cacao L.) tipo nacional. Revista Ciencia y Tecnología, 5(1), 7-12.
Rubio, E. (2004). Determinación del tiempo óptimo de homogenización de partículas en un mezclador de volteo tipo pantalón. Tesis para optar el título de Ingeniero en Industrias Alimentarias. Lima: Universidad Nacional Agraria La Molina.
Schwan, RF., Wheals, AE. (2004). The microbiology of cocoa fermentation and its role in chocolate quality. Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition, 44, 205–221.
Teye, E., Huang, X., Sam-Amoah, LK., Takrama, J., Boison, D., Botchway, F., Kumi, F. (2015). Estimating cocoa bean parameters by FT-NIRS and chemometrics analysis. Food Chemistry, 46, 403-410.
Triola, MF. (2009). Estadística. 10 ed. Pearson Education. Mexico D.F., Mexico. 904.
Viloria, H., Méndez Natera, JR. (2011). Relación entre la conductividad eléctrica, pH del agua de remojo, germinación de semillas y crecimiento de plántulas de maíz (Zea mayz L.) bajo dos condiciones experimentales. Scientia Agropecuaria, 2, 213-228.
Viloria, H., Méndez Natera, JR. (2007). Determinación del periodo de remojo adecuado para las mediciones de pH y conductividad eléctrica en semillas de maíz (Zea mayz). Boletin del Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, 41(2), 227-243.
Wood, GAR., Lass, RA. (2001). Cocoa. Fourth Edn. Blackwell Science: Oxford.
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2020 Enfoque UTE
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported License.
The articles and research published by the UTE University are carried out under the Open Access regime in electronic format. This means that all content is freely available without charge to the user or his/her institution. Users are allowed to read, download, copy, distribute, print, search, or link to the full texts of the articles, or use them for any other lawful purpose, without asking prior permission from the publisher or the author. This is in accordance with the BOAI definition of open access. By submitting an article to any of the scientific journals of the UTE University, the author or authors accept these conditions.
The UTE applies the Creative Commons Attribution (CC-BY) license to articles in its scientific journals. Under this open access license, as an author you agree that anyone may reuse your article in whole or in part for any purpose, free of charge, including commercial purposes. Anyone can copy, distribute or reuse the content as long as the author and original source are correctly cited. This facilitates freedom of reuse and also ensures that content can be extracted without barriers for research needs.
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 International (CC BY 3.0).
The Enfoque UTE journal guarantees and declares that authors always retain all copyrights and full publishing rights without restrictions [© The Author(s)]. Acknowledgment (BY): Any exploitation of the work is allowed, including a commercial purpose, as well as the creation of derivative works, the distribution of which is also allowed without any restriction.