Evaluation of extraction of fatty acids from sardine’s head (Opisthonema libertate) by-product of fishing industry
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.29019/enfoqueute.v8n4.173Keywords:
fatty acids, hydrolysis, omega-3, saponification, sardineAbstract
Polyunsaturated fatty acids are bioactive compounds employed as nutritional supplements in the food and pharmaceutical industry, those are present in blue fish like sardine (Opisthonema libertate). The purpose of this investigation was the recovery of these acids from sardine heads. A basic hydrolysis was carried out in order to extract the oil. NaOH was the hydrolyzing agent, tested in four concentrations. As a result, 3.64 % was the highest percentage of saponified oil recovery, with a concentration of 1M NaOH. This base allowed simultaneously saponify the recovered oil in the extraction. The influence of temperature and the concentration of H2SO4 in the isolation of fatty acids by the acidulation process was analyzed. The best experimental condition of the process was given at 20 °C and 75 % of H2SO4 concentration in the extracted oil, it was determined 2233.70 μg/mL of fatty acids, where 82.55% corresponded to saturated fatty acids, 13.72% to monounsaturated acids and 3.73% to polyunsaturated acids. Among the polyunsaturated fatty acids, was emphasized the presence of eicosapentaenoic acid EPA (omega-3) with a concentration of 73.12 μg/mL.
Downloads
References
Association of Official Analytical Methods. Official Methods 981.10: Crude Protein in Meat: Official Methods of Analysis of AOAC International, 2007.
Association of Official Analytical Methods. Official Methods 960.39: Fat-Crude or Ether Extract in Meat: Official Methods of Analysis of AOAC International, 2007.
Association of Official Analytical Methods. Official Methods 950.46: Moisture in Meat: Official Methods of Analysis of AOAC International, 2007.
Association of Official Analytical Methods. Official Methods 920.160: Saponification Number: Official Methods of Analysis of AOAC International, 2007.
Atinafu, D., & Bedemo, B. (2011). Estimation of total free fatty acid and cholesterol content in some commercial edible oils in Ethiopia, Bahir DAR. Journal of Cereals and Oilseeds, 2(5), 71-76. doi: 10.5897/JCO11.025
Baião, N. C., & Lara, L. J. C. (2005). Oil and fat in broiler nutrition. Revista Brasileira de Ciência Avícola, 7(3), 129-141.
Caprioli, G., Giusti, F., Ballini, R., Sagratini, G., Vila-Donat, P., Vittori, S., & Fiorini, D. (2016). Lipid nutritional value of legumes: Evaluation of different extraction methods and determination of fatty acid composition. Food chemistry, 192, 965-971. doi:10.1016/j.foodchem.2015.07.102
Caridad, M., Fernández, M., Castiñeira, M., Rodríguez, J., Romero, J., & Márquez, T. (2016). Evaluación y establecimiento de las especificaciones de calidad del pool de aceite de hígado de tiburón. Ars Pharmaceutica, 55(1), 23-29.
Cermak, S. C., Kenar, J. A., & Evangelista, R. L. (2012). Distillation of natural fatty acids and their chemical derivatives. INTECH Open Access Publisher.
FAO. (1999). El pescado fresco: su calidad y cambios de calidad. Recuperado de: http://www.fao.org/docrep/v7180s/v7180s05.htm (febrero, 2017).
FAO. (2014). El estado mundial de la pesca y la acuicultura. Recuperado de: http://www.fao.org/3/a-i3720s.pdf (febrero, 2016).
Gatica, A. (2011). Ácidos grasos EPA y DHA y su vital importancia en la Nutrición Humana. Indualimentos. Instituto de Nutrición y Tecnología de Alimentos (INTA). Universidad de Chile. Santiago de Chile, 58-60.
Gargaud, M. (2011). Encyclopedia of astrobiology (Vol. 3). Springer Science & Business Media. Bordeaux, Francia.
Gellman, M., & Turner, J. R. (2013). Encyclopedia of Behavioral Medicine. Springer. Dong Nai, Vietnam.
Giraldo, G. A. G., Chamorro, N. L., & Doria, C. M. M. (2010). Laboratorio de Bioquímica: Una Visión Práctica. ELIZCOM SAS. Armenia, Colombia.
González, M. I. C., Rodríguez, A. G. M., & Gómez, C. G. (2013). Perfil de ácidos grasos de diversas especies de pescados consumidos en México. Revista de Biología Tropical, 61(4), 1981-1998.
Gracia, M. D. (2010). Esterificación de colofonia con glicerina: estudio cinético y fenomenológico. Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Servicio de Publicaciones.
Harting, T., Díaz M., & Markovits, A. (2010). Proceso para la obtención de un concentrado de esteres de ácidos eicopentaenoico y docosahexaenoico. WO 2010/139085. Múnich: Oficina de Patentes Europeas.
Hordur, K., & Necla, D. (2003). Functional Fish Protein Ingredients from Fish Species of Warm and Temperate Waters: Comparison of Acid- and Alkali-Aided Processing vs. Conventional Surimi Processing. Advances in Seafood Byproducts 2002 Conference Proceedings, Anchorage, Estados Unidos. Recuperado de: http://nsgd.gso.uri.edu/aku/akuw02001/akuw02001_full.pdf (enero, 2016).
IFFO. (2008). Los Omega-3 más saludables EPA y DHA se encuentran principalmente en el aceite y la harina de pescado. Recuperado de: http://www.iffo.net/es/system/files/DPSP4.pdf (enero, 2016).
Iso, H., Kobayashi, M., Ishihara, J., Sasaki, S., Okada, K., Kita, Y., & Tsugane, S. (2006). Intake of fish and n3 fatty acids and risk of coronary heart disease among Japanese. Circulation, 113(2), 195-202.
Jayasinghe, P., Adeoti, I., & Hawboldt, K. (2013). A study of process optimization of extraction of oil from fish waste for use as a low-grade fuel. Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society, 90(12), 1903-1915. doi: 10.1007/s11746-013-2321-1
Karasek, F. W., & Clement, R. E. (2012). Basic gas chromatography-mass spectrometry: principles and techniques. Elsevier. Ontario, Canada.
Kechaou, E. S., Dumay, J., Donnay-Moreno, C., Jaouen, P., Gouygou, J. P., Bergé, J. P., & Amar, R. B. (2009). Enzymatic hydrolysis of cuttlefish (Sepia officinalis) and sardine (Sardina pilchardus) viscera using commercial proteases: effects on lipid distribution and amino acid composition. Journal of bioscience and bioengineering, 107(2), 158-164.
Larsen, R., Eilertsen, K., & Elvevoll, E. (2011). Health benefits of marine foods and ingredients. Biotechnology Advances, 29(5), 508-518. doi:10.1016/j.biotechadv.2011.05.017
Macarulla, J. M., & Goñi, F. M. (2002). Biomoléculas: lecciones de bioquímica estructural. Reverté. Bilbao, España.
MAE. (2013). Estudio de potenciales impactos y vulnerabilidad relacionada con las sustancias químicas y tratamiento de desechos peligrosos en el sector productivo del Ecuador. Recuperado de: http://www.ambiente.gob.ec/wp-content/uploads/downloads/2013/03/PART11.pdf (Febrero, 2016).
Maqsood, S., & Benjakul, S. (2010). Comparative studies of four different phenolic compounds on in vitro antioxidative activity and the preventive effect on lipid oxidation of fish oil emulsion and fish mince. Food Chemistry, 119(1), 123-132. doi:10.1016/j.foodchem.2009.06.004
Marcano, E. S., Douglas, B., Marín, G., & Moreno, H. (2007). Cinética de deterioro del aceite de la semilla de la palma Coroba (Attalea maripa). SABER. Revista Multidisciplinaria del Consejo de Investigación de la Universidad de Oriente, 19(2), 172-182.
Mercantili, L., Davis, F., & Higson, S. (2012). Ultrasonic Initiation of the Alkaline Hydrolysis of Triglycerides (Saponification) Without Phase Catalysis. AOCS, 17, 133-141. doi: 10.1007/s11743-013-1450-8
Metcalfe, L., & Schmitz, A. (1961). The rapid preparation of fatty acid esters for gas chromatographic analysis. Analytical Chemistry, 33(3), 363-364. doi: 10.1021/ac60171a016
McMurry, J., Química orgánica. Cengage Learning Editores, 2012. México DF., México
Mora, R. J. (2002). Soporte nutricional especial. Ed. Médica Panamericana. Bogotá, Colombia
Nielsen, S. (2003). Food Analysis. West Lafayette, Estados Unidos: Kluwer Academic/ Plenum Publishers.
Nolsøe, H., & Undeland, I. (2009). The acid and alkaline solubilization process for the isolation of muscle proteins: state of the art. Food and Bioprocess Technology, 2(1), 1-27. doi: 10.1007/s11947-008-0088-4
Pariona, N. (2008). Obtención de los ácidos grasos del aceite de la Plukenetia volubilis L." Sacha Inchi" para la utilización en la industria y estudio fitoquímico cualitativo de la almendra.
Piras, A., Rosa, A., Marongiu, B., Porcedda, S., Falconieri, D., Dessì, M. A., & Koca, U. (2013). Chemical composition and in vitro bioactivity of the volatile and fixed oils of Nigella sativa L. extracted by supercritical carbon dioxide. Industrial Crops and Products, 46, 317-323.
ProEcuador. (2015). Análisis sectorial: Sardinas. Recuperado de: http://www.proecuador.gob.ec/wpcontent/uploads/2015/08/PROEC_AS2015_SARDINAS.pdf (Enero, 2016).
Rubio-Rodríguez, N., Sara, M., Beltrán, S., Jaime, I., Sanz, M. T., & Rovira, J. (2012). Supercritical fluid extraction of fish oil from fish by-products: A comparison with other extraction methods. Journal of Food Engineering, 109(2), 238-248. doi:10.1016/j.jfoodeng.2011.10.011
Sahena, F., Zaidul, I. S. M., Jinap, S., Yazid, A. M., Khatib, A., & Norulaini, N. A. N. (2010). Fatty acid compositions of fish oil extracted from different parts of Indian mackerel (Rastrelliger kanagurta) using various techniques of supercritical CO 2 extraction. Food Chemistry, 120(3), 879-885. doi:10.1016/j.foodchem.2009.10.055
Salas, A., Ayala, M. E., & Albrecht, M. (2002). Contenido de EPA y DHA en aceite crudo de pescado producido en el Perú durante el período 1996-2000. Cienc. Tecnol. Aliment, 3(5), 283-287.
Sánchez, J. (2006). Extracción de Ácidos Grasos insaturados y obtención del Omega 3 de los residuos industriales pesqueros utilizando tecnologías más limpias. (Proyecto de titulación previo a la obtención del título de Biólogo). Recuperado de la base de datos Academia
Sanz, F. (2009). La nutrición y alimentación en piscicultura. Madrid, España: Publicaciones científicas y tecnológicas de la Fundación Observatorio Español de Acuicultura.
Scrimgeour, C. (2005). Chemistry of fatty acids. Scottish crop research institute. Dundee, Scotland. Bailey’s Industrial Oil and Fat Products, Sixth Edition, Six Volume Set. Edited by Fereidoon Shahidi, 2. Dundee, Escocia
Tawfik, M. (2010). Proximate composition and fatty acids profiles in most common available fish species in Saudi market. Asian Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 2(3), 157-164.
Tobón, F. A., Román, M. O., Molina, S., & Bothert, J. P. (2016). Determinación del perfil de ácidos grasos de la secreción de la glándula uropigial de la Coturnix coturnix japonica (codorniz doméstica). Revista Colombiana de Ciencias Pecuarias, 15(2), 169-179.
Valenzuela, A., Sanhueza, J., & De la Barra, F. (2012). El aceite de pescado: ayer un desecho industrial, hoy un producto de alto valor nutricional. Revista Chilena de Nutrición, 39(2), 201-209. http://dx.doi.org/10.4067/S0717-75182012000200009
Valenzuela, R., Tapia, G., González, M., & Valenzuela, A. (2011). Ácidos grasos omega-3 (EPA y DHA) y su aplicación en diversas situaciones clínicas. Revista Chilena de Nutrición, 38(3), 356-367. http://dx.doi.org/10.4067/S0717-75182011000300011
Valls, J. E., & Paredes, A. (2010). Caracterización física y química de la sardina (Sardinella aurita). Revista Científica, 20(5), 546-554.
Valverde, L. M., Moreno, P. A. G., Callejón, M. J. J., Cerdán, L. E., & Medina, A. R. (2013). Concentration of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) by selective alcoholysis catalyzed by lipases. European Journal of Lipid Science and Technology, 115(9), 990-1004. doi:10.1002/ejlt.201300005
Velásquez, G. (2006). Fundamentos de alimentación saludable. Universidad de Antioquia. Medellín, Colombia.
Wijayarathne, U., & Wasalathilake, K. (2014). Aspen Plus Simulation of Saponification of Ethyl Acetate in the Presence of Sodium Hydroxide in a Plug Flow Reactor. Journal of Chemical Engineering & Process Technology,2014. doi:10.4172/2157-7048.1000205
Yúfera, E. P. (2007). Química orgánica básica y aplicada: de la molécula a la industria (Vol. 2). Reverté. Valencia, España.
Zamorano, M., Martínez, S., & Medel, J. (2013). Comportamiento del perfil de ácidos grasos de aceites y materias grasas hidrogenadas sometidos a calentamiento prolongado. Revista de la Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias. Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, 45(1), 0-0.
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
The articles and research published by the UTE University are carried out under the Open Access regime in electronic format. This means that all content is freely available without charge to the user or his/her institution. Users are allowed to read, download, copy, distribute, print, search, or link to the full texts of the articles, or use them for any other lawful purpose, without asking prior permission from the publisher or the author. This is in accordance with the BOAI definition of open access. By submitting an article to any of the scientific journals of the UTE University, the author or authors accept these conditions.
The UTE applies the Creative Commons Attribution (CC-BY) license to articles in its scientific journals. Under this open access license, as an author you agree that anyone may reuse your article in whole or in part for any purpose, free of charge, including commercial purposes. Anyone can copy, distribute or reuse the content as long as the author and original source are correctly cited. This facilitates freedom of reuse and also ensures that content can be extracted without barriers for research needs.
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 International (CC BY 3.0).
The Enfoque UTE journal guarantees and declares that authors always retain all copyrights and full publishing rights without restrictions [© The Author(s)]. Acknowledgment (BY): Any exploitation of the work is allowed, including a commercial purpose, as well as the creation of derivative works, the distribution of which is also allowed without any restriction.