Uso de la tecnología de contabilidad distribuida por los bancos centrales: Una revisión
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.29019/enfoqueute.v8n5.175Palabras clave:
contabilidad distribuida, cadena de bloques, fintech, dinero digitalResumen
Este artículo examina en qué punto se encuentran los bancos centrales de las economías más avanzadas en su estudio y adopción de la tecnología de contabilidad distribuida (TCD) para transformar sus diferentes sistemas y funciones. Se dará una descripción breve de TCD, seguida por un análisis de las publicaciones y anuncios de los bancos centrales para determinar qué está haciendo cada banco central en su ruta a la adopción de TCD. Se encontró que de los bancos centrales para los cuales había información, todos expresaron interés en TCD y la han evaluado por lo menos hasta cierto punto. Sin embargo, ningún banco central tiene un sistema basado en TCD que esté operacional en este momento. Esto es debido a que hay todavía algunos problemas relacionados con la velocidad, el costo del procesamiento, la seguridad, la transparencia y privacidad, la finalidad de la resolución legal, el escalado, y los efectos de red de la tecnología. A medida que TCD madure, la expectativa es que estos problemas se resolverán.
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Referencias
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Bott, J., & Milkau, U. (2017). Central bank money and blockchain: A payments perspective. Journal of Payments Strategy & Systems, 11(2), 145–178.
Burgos, A. de V., Filho, J. D. de O., Suares, M. V. C., & de Almeida, R. S. (2017). Distributed ledger technical research in Central Bank of Brazil. Retrieved from http://www.bcb.gov.br/htms/public/microcredito/Distributed_ledger_technical_research_in_Central_Bank_of_Brazil.pdf
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del Castillo, M. (2016b). Swiss central banker Thomas Jordan: Blockchain turning finance “on its head” » CoinDesk. Retrieved November 4, 2017, from https://www.coindesk.com/sibos-swiss-central-bank-blockchain-regulation/
del Castillo, M. (2017). South Africa’s financial power players are going all-in on blockchain » CoinDesk. Retrieved November 4, 2017, from https://www.coindesk.com/south-africas-biggest-financial-power-players-just-went-blockchain/
Deutsche Bundesbank. (2017). Distributed ledger technologies in payments and securities settlement: Potential and risks. Monthly report. Retrieved from https://www.bundesbank.de/Redaktion/EN/Downloads/Publications/Monthly_Report_Articles/2017/2017_09_distributed.pdf?__blob=publicationFile
ECB, & BOJ. (2017). BOJ/ECB joint research project on distributed ledger technology. Retrieved from https://www.ecb.europa.eu/paym/intro/news/shared/20170906_stella_report_leaflet.pdf
EconoTimes. (2017). Bank of Korea, R3 consortium to carry out blockchain project » EconoTimes. Retrieved November 2, 2017, from http://www.econotimes.com/Exclusive-Bank-of-Korea-R3-consortium-to-carry-out-blockchain-project-549053
Federal Reserve System. (2017). Federal Reserve next steps in the payments improvement journey. Retrieved from https://www.federalreserve.gov/newsevents/pressreleases/files/other20170906a1.pdf
Fiennes, T. (2017). Toby Fiennes: The Reserve Bank, cyber security and the regulatory framework. Auckland. Retrieved from https://www.rbnz.govt.nz/-/media/ReserveBank/Files/Publications/Speeches/2017/The-Reserve-Bank-cyber-security-regulatory-framework.pdf
François Villeroy de Galhau. (2017). François Villeroy de Galhau: France - a European powerhouse for financial service innovation. Paris. Retrieved from https://www.bis.org/review/r170203e.pdf
Furche, P., Madeira, C., Marcel, M., & Medel, C. A. (2017). FinTech and the future of central banking. Retrieved from https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Carlos_Madeira/publication/319206045_FinTech_and_the_Future_of_Central_Banking/links/599b227ea6fdcc500349b82f/FinTech-and-the-Future-of-Central-Banking.pdf
González-Páramo, J. M. (2017). Financial innovation in the digital age: Challenges for regulation and supervision. Revista de Estabilidad Financiera, 32, 30.
Hearn, M. (2016). Corda: A distributed ledger. R3. Retrieved from https://docs.corda.net/_static/corda-technical-whitepaper.pdf
Hiesboeck, M. (2016). Blockchain is the most disruptive invention since the Internet itself - not just in finance » Digital Doughnut. Retrieved October 16, 2017, from https://www.digitaldoughnut.com/articles/2016/april/blockchain-is-the-most-disruptive-invention-since
Higgins, S. (2017). South Africa’s Central Bank: It’s “too risky” to launch a cryptocurrency » CoinDesk. Retrieved November 4, 2017, from https://www.coindesk.com/south-africas-central-bank-risky-launch-cryptocurrency/
Hileman, G., & Rauchs, M. (2017). Global blockchain benchmarking study. Retrieved from https://www.jbs.cam.ac.uk/fileadmin/user_upload/research/centres/alternative-finance/downloads/2017-09-27-ccaf-globalbchain.pdf
IDRBT. (2017). Applications of blockchain technology to banking and financial sector in India. Hyderabad. Retrieved from http://www.idrbt.ac.in/assets/publications/Best Practices/BCT.pdf
Khrennikov, I., & Rudnitsky, J. (2017). Russia’s banks prepare to hit the “gas” on digital currencies » Bloomberg. Retrieved November 3, 2017, from https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2017-08-01/russia-s-banks-prepare-to-hit-the-gas-on-digital-currency-use
Kitchenham, B., & Charters, S. (2007). Guidelines for performing systematic literature reviews in software engineering EBSE Technical Report EBSE-2007-01. Keele, Staffs, and Durham, UK.
Koranyi, B., & Evans, C. (2017). Blockchain immature for big central banks, ECB and BOJ say » Reuters. Retrieved October 17, 2017, from https://www.reuters.com/article/us-blockchain-ecb/blockchain-immature-for-big-central-banks-ecb-and-boj-say-idUSKCN1BH2DH
Lane, P. R. (2017). Philip R Lane: Drivers of change in the banking sector. Dublin. Retrieved from https://www.bis.org/review/r170727a.pdf
Levring, P. (2016). Blockchain lures central banks as Danes consider minting e-krone » Bloomberg. Retrieved November 1, 2017, from https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2016-12-11/blockchain-lures-central-banks-as-danes-consider-minting-e-krone
Marty, B. (2016). Argentina’s Central Bank is warming up to blockchain » CoinDesk. Retrieved November 1, 2017, from https://www.coindesk.com/argentinas-central-bank-warming-blockchain/
MAS. (2017). Project Ubin: SGD on distributed ledger. Retrieved from http://www.mas.gov.sg/~/media/ProjectUbin/Project Ubin SGD on Distributed Ledger.pdf
Meola, A. (2017). How banks and financial institutions are implementing blockchain technology » Business Insider UK. Retrieved October 17, 2017, from http://uk.businessinsider.com/blockchain-technology-banking-finance-2017-9
Mesropyan, E. (2016). 21 areas of blockchain application beyond financial services » Let’s Talk Payments. Retrieved October 16, 2017, from https://letstalkpayments.com/21-areas-of-blockchain-application-beyond-financial-services/
Mills, D., Wang, K., Malone, B., Ravi, A., Marquardt, J., Chen, C., … Kar-Genian, V. (2016). Distributed ledger technology in payments, clearing, and settlement. Butterworths Journal of International Banking and Financial Law, 31 (11), 36. https://doi.org/10.17016/FEDS.2016.095
Nakamoto, S. (2009). Bitcoin: A peer-to-peer electronic cash system. bitcoin.org. Retrieved from https://bitcoin.org/bitcoin.pdf
National Bank of Belgium. (2017). National Bank of Belgium Report 2016 - Prudential regulation and supervision. Retrieved from https://www.nbb.be/doc/ts/publications/nbbreport/2016/en/t1/report2016_tiii.pdf
Nicolaisen, J. (2017). Jon Nicolaisen: What should the future form of our money be? Origins of the central bank. Oslo. Retrieved from https://www.bis.org/review/r170426d.pdf
Powell, J. H. (2017). Jerome H. Powell: Innovation, technology, and the payments system. New Haven. Retrieved from https://www.federalreserve.gov/newsevents/speech/files/powell20170303b.pdf
PwC. (2017). Global FinTech Report 2017. Retrieved from https://www.pwc.com/jg/en/publications/pwc-global-fintech-report-17.3.17-final.pdf
Reserve Bank of Australia. (2017). Developments in the financial system architecture. Financial Stability Review, (April), 45–50.
Sveriges Riksbank. (2017). The Riksbank’s e-krona project. Retrieved from http://www.riksbank.se/Documents/Rapporter/E-krona/2017/rapport_ekrona_170920_eng.pdf
TMX. (2017). Payments Canada, Bank of Canada and TMX Group announce integrated securities and payment platform as next phase of Project Jasper. Retrieved October 31, 2017, from https://www.tmx.com/newsroom/press-releases?id=615&year=2017
Wilkins, C., & Gaetz, G. (2017). Could DLT underpin an entire wholesale payment system? » The Globe and Mail. Retrieved October 31, 2017, from https://beta.theglobeandmail.com/report-on-business/rob-commentary/could-dlt-underpin-an-entire-wholesale-payment-system/article35106771/?ref=http://www.theglobeandmail.com&
Zhao, W. (2017). Polish regulators warn banks and consumers on cryptocurrency risks » CoinDesk. Retrieved November 3, 2017, from https://www.coindesk.com/polish-regulators-warn-banks-consumers-cryptocurrency-risks/
BBVA. (2017, April 21). BBVA completes first real-time international money transfer between Europe and Mexico with Ripple. Retrieved October 17, 2017, from https://www.bbva.com/en/bbva-completes-first-real-time-international-money-transfer-europe-mexico-ripple/
Bech, M., & Garratt, R. (2017). Central bank cryptocurrencies. BIS Quarterly Review, September, 55–70.
Belinky, M., Rennick, E., & Veitch, A. (2015). The fintech 2.0 paper: Rebooting financial services. Retrieved from http://santanderinnoventures.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/06/The-Fintech-2-0-Paper.pdf
BIS. (2017). Distributed ledger technology in payment, clearing and settlement. Retrieved from https://www.bis.org/cpmi/publ/d157.pdf
Bitcoin.org. (2017). Bitcoin FAQ. Retrieved November 28, 2017, from https://bitcoin.org/en/faq#who-created-bitcoin
Blockchain Technologies. (2016). Blockchain technology explained. Retrieved October 18, 2017, from http://www.blockchaintechnologies.com/blockchain-definition
Bott, J., & Milkau, U. (2017). Central bank money and blockchain: A payments perspective. Journal of Payments Strategy & Systems, 11(2), 145–178.
Burgos, A. de V., Filho, J. D. de O., Suares, M. V. C., & de Almeida, R. S. (2017). Distributed ledger technical research in Central Bank of Brazil. Retrieved from http://www.bcb.gov.br/htms/public/microcredito/Distributed_ledger_technical_research_in_Central_Bank_of_Brazil.pdf
Carney, M. (2017a). Mark Carney: Building the infrastructure to realise FinTech’s promise. Retrieved from www.bankofengland.co.uk/speeches
Carney, M. (2017b). Mark Carney: The promise of FinTech – Something new under the sun? Wiesbaden. Retrieved from http://www.bankofengland.co.uk/publications/Documents/speeches/2017/speech956.pdf
Casey, M. J. (2017). It’s political: Why China hates bitcoin and loves the blockchain » CoinDesk. Retrieved November 1, 2017, from https://www.coindesk.com/political-china-hates-bitcoin-loves-blockchain/
Central bank of Iceland. (2017). Seminar on possible new forms of central bank money. Retrieved November 1, 2017, from https://www.cb.is/publications/events/event/2017/02/09/Seminar-on-possible-new-forms-of-central-bank-money/
Chapman, J., Garratt, R., Hendry, S., McCormack, A., & McMahon, W. (2017). Project Jasper: Are distributed wholesale payment systems feasible yet? Retrieved from http://www.bankofcanada.ca/wp-content/uploads/2017/05/fsr-june-2017-chapman.pdf
Cleland, V. (2017). Digital future for sterling: Assessing the implications. Retrieved from http://www.bankofengland.co.uk/research/Documents/onebank/vclelandglobalpublicinvestor2017.pdf
Creer, D., Crook, R., Hornsby, M., González Avalis, N., Simpson, M., Weisfeld, N., … Zieliński, I. (2016). Proving Ethereum for the clearing use case. Retrieved from https://emerald-platform.gitlab.io/static/emeraldTechnicalPaper.pdf
Czech National Bank. (2017). Position of the Czech National Bank to the selected questions of the Commission consultation. Retrieved from http://www.cnb.cz/miranda2/export/sites/www.cnb.cz/en/supervision_financial_market/legislation/cnb_opinions/download/2017_fintech_consultation_document_cnb_opinion.pdf
Daniell, J. (2017). Estonia explores national digital currency with token offering proposal » ETHNews. Retrieved November 1, 2017, from https://www.ethnews.com/estonia-explores-national-digital-currency-with-token-offering-proposal
Danmarks Nationalbank. (2017). Danes are front-runners in electronic payments. Analysis, (6), 8. Retrieved from http://www.nationalbanken.dk/en/publications/Documents/2017/03/Analysis_Danes are Front-runners in Electronic Payments.pdf#search=%22distributed ledger%22
Das, S. (2017). Bitcoin isn’t a currency due to its instability, claims Austrian Central Bank Governor » Crypto Coins News. Retrieved October 31, 2017, from https://www.cryptocoinsnews.com/bitcoin-isnt-currency-due-instability-claims-austrian-central-bank-governor/
del Castillo, M. (2016a). Dutch Central Bank prepares its boldest blockchain experiment yet » CoinDesk. Retrieved November 2, 2017, from https://www.coindesk.com/dutch-central-bank-preparing-boldest-blockchain-experiment-yet/
del Castillo, M. (2016b). Swiss central banker Thomas Jordan: Blockchain turning finance “on its head” » CoinDesk. Retrieved November 4, 2017, from https://www.coindesk.com/sibos-swiss-central-bank-blockchain-regulation/
del Castillo, M. (2017). South Africa’s financial power players are going all-in on blockchain » CoinDesk. Retrieved November 4, 2017, from https://www.coindesk.com/south-africas-biggest-financial-power-players-just-went-blockchain/
Deutsche Bundesbank. (2017). Distributed ledger technologies in payments and securities settlement: Potential and risks. Monthly report. Retrieved from https://www.bundesbank.de/Redaktion/EN/Downloads/Publications/Monthly_Report_Articles/2017/2017_09_distributed.pdf?__blob=publicationFile
ECB, & BOJ. (2017). BOJ/ECB joint research project on distributed ledger technology. Retrieved from https://www.ecb.europa.eu/paym/intro/news/shared/20170906_stella_report_leaflet.pdf
EconoTimes. (2017). Bank of Korea, R3 consortium to carry out blockchain project » EconoTimes. Retrieved November 2, 2017, from http://www.econotimes.com/Exclusive-Bank-of-Korea-R3-consortium-to-carry-out-blockchain-project-549053
Federal Reserve System. (2017). Federal Reserve next steps in the payments improvement journey. Retrieved from https://www.federalreserve.gov/newsevents/pressreleases/files/other20170906a1.pdf
Fiennes, T. (2017). Toby Fiennes: The Reserve Bank, cyber security and the regulatory framework. Auckland. Retrieved from https://www.rbnz.govt.nz/-/media/ReserveBank/Files/Publications/Speeches/2017/The-Reserve-Bank-cyber-security-regulatory-framework.pdf
François Villeroy de Galhau. (2017). François Villeroy de Galhau: France - a European powerhouse for financial service innovation. Paris. Retrieved from https://www.bis.org/review/r170203e.pdf
Furche, P., Madeira, C., Marcel, M., & Medel, C. A. (2017). FinTech and the future of central banking. Retrieved from https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Carlos_Madeira/publication/319206045_FinTech_and_the_Future_of_Central_Banking/links/599b227ea6fdcc500349b82f/FinTech-and-the-Future-of-Central-Banking.pdf
González-Páramo, J. M. (2017). Financial innovation in the digital age: Challenges for regulation and supervision. Revista de Estabilidad Financiera, 32, 30.
Hearn, M. (2016). Corda: A distributed ledger. R3. Retrieved from https://docs.corda.net/_static/corda-technical-whitepaper.pdf
Hiesboeck, M. (2016). Blockchain is the most disruptive invention since the Internet itself - not just in finance » Digital Doughnut. Retrieved October 16, 2017, from https://www.digitaldoughnut.com/articles/2016/april/blockchain-is-the-most-disruptive-invention-since
Higgins, S. (2017). South Africa’s Central Bank: It’s “too risky” to launch a cryptocurrency » CoinDesk. Retrieved November 4, 2017, from https://www.coindesk.com/south-africas-central-bank-risky-launch-cryptocurrency/
Hileman, G., & Rauchs, M. (2017). Global blockchain benchmarking study. Retrieved from https://www.jbs.cam.ac.uk/fileadmin/user_upload/research/centres/alternative-finance/downloads/2017-09-27-ccaf-globalbchain.pdf
IDRBT. (2017). Applications of blockchain technology to banking and financial sector in India. Hyderabad. Retrieved from http://www.idrbt.ac.in/assets/publications/Best Practices/BCT.pdf
Khrennikov, I., & Rudnitsky, J. (2017). Russia’s banks prepare to hit the “gas” on digital currencies » Bloomberg. Retrieved November 3, 2017, from https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2017-08-01/russia-s-banks-prepare-to-hit-the-gas-on-digital-currency-use
Kitchenham, B., & Charters, S. (2007). Guidelines for performing systematic literature reviews in software engineering EBSE Technical Report EBSE-2007-01. Keele, Staffs, and Durham, UK.
Koranyi, B., & Evans, C. (2017). Blockchain immature for big central banks, ECB and BOJ say » Reuters. Retrieved October 17, 2017, from https://www.reuters.com/article/us-blockchain-ecb/blockchain-immature-for-big-central-banks-ecb-and-boj-say-idUSKCN1BH2DH
Lane, P. R. (2017). Philip R Lane: Drivers of change in the banking sector. Dublin. Retrieved from https://www.bis.org/review/r170727a.pdf
Levring, P. (2016). Blockchain lures central banks as Danes consider minting e-krone » Bloomberg. Retrieved November 1, 2017, from https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2016-12-11/blockchain-lures-central-banks-as-danes-consider-minting-e-krone
Marty, B. (2016). Argentina’s Central Bank is warming up to blockchain » CoinDesk. Retrieved November 1, 2017, from https://www.coindesk.com/argentinas-central-bank-warming-blockchain/
MAS. (2017). Project Ubin: SGD on distributed ledger. Retrieved from http://www.mas.gov.sg/~/media/ProjectUbin/Project Ubin SGD on Distributed Ledger.pdf
Meola, A. (2017). How banks and financial institutions are implementing blockchain technology » Business Insider UK. Retrieved October 17, 2017, from http://uk.businessinsider.com/blockchain-technology-banking-finance-2017-9
Mesropyan, E. (2016). 21 areas of blockchain application beyond financial services » Let’s Talk Payments. Retrieved October 16, 2017, from https://letstalkpayments.com/21-areas-of-blockchain-application-beyond-financial-services/
Mills, D., Wang, K., Malone, B., Ravi, A., Marquardt, J., Chen, C., … Kar-Genian, V. (2016). Distributed ledger technology in payments, clearing, and settlement. Butterworths Journal of International Banking and Financial Law, 31 (11), 36. https://doi.org/10.17016/FEDS.2016.095
Nakamoto, S. (2009). Bitcoin: A peer-to-peer electronic cash system. bitcoin.org. Retrieved from https://bitcoin.org/bitcoin.pdf
National Bank of Belgium. (2017). National Bank of Belgium Report 2016 - Prudential regulation and supervision. Retrieved from https://www.nbb.be/doc/ts/publications/nbbreport/2016/en/t1/report2016_tiii.pdf
Nicolaisen, J. (2017). Jon Nicolaisen: What should the future form of our money be? Origins of the central bank. Oslo. Retrieved from https://www.bis.org/review/r170426d.pdf
Powell, J. H. (2017). Jerome H. Powell: Innovation, technology, and the payments system. New Haven. Retrieved from https://www.federalreserve.gov/newsevents/speech/files/powell20170303b.pdf
PwC. (2017). Global FinTech Report 2017. Retrieved from https://www.pwc.com/jg/en/publications/pwc-global-fintech-report-17.3.17-final.pdf
Reserve Bank of Australia. (2017). Developments in the financial system architecture. Financial Stability Review, (April), 45–50.
Sveriges Riksbank. (2017). The Riksbank’s e-krona project. Retrieved from http://www.riksbank.se/Documents/Rapporter/E-krona/2017/rapport_ekrona_170920_eng.pdf
TMX. (2017). Payments Canada, Bank of Canada and TMX Group announce integrated securities and payment platform as next phase of Project Jasper. Retrieved October 31, 2017, from https://www.tmx.com/newsroom/press-releases?id=615&year=2017
Wilkins, C., & Gaetz, G. (2017). Could DLT underpin an entire wholesale payment system? » The Globe and Mail. Retrieved October 31, 2017, from https://beta.theglobeandmail.com/report-on-business/rob-commentary/could-dlt-underpin-an-entire-wholesale-payment-system/article35106771/?ref=http://www.theglobeandmail.com&
Zhao, W. (2017). Polish regulators warn banks and consumers on cryptocurrency risks » CoinDesk. Retrieved November 3, 2017, from https://www.coindesk.com/polish-regulators-warn-banks-consumers-cryptocurrency-risks/
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2017-12-18
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Cómo citar
Uso de la tecnología de contabilidad distribuida por los bancos centrales: Una revisión. (2017). Enfoque UTE, 8(5), pp. 1 - 13. https://doi.org/10.29019/enfoqueute.v8n5.175
